In the prenatal period causes include congenital malformation, infection and vascular insufficiency.
Methods Spinal bifida and tethered cord syndrome are congenital malformations.
It often generated with congenital malformation, such as aniridia, hemihypertrophy, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, urogenital malformation.
Fetal surgery has been successfully applied to some lethal diseases, while its application in the non-lethal congenital malformation such as cleft lip and palate is still under research at present.
Cochlear implant in patients with congenital malformation of the inner ear
Conclusion:one stage otoplasty is effective for treatment of the congenital malformations of the external and middle ear.
Facial nerve protection during surgery for congenital malformation of the external and middle ear (Review of 519 cases)
The congenital malformations of these tubular organs are even more rare.
